Funcionalidade de uma criança com paralisia cerebral bilateral submetida a cirurgia multinível: relato de caso / Functioning of a child with bilateral cerebral palsy submitted to multilevel surgery: case report

INTRODUÇÃO: Intervenções em diferentes articulações podem ser necessárias para corrigir a marcha agachada e outras alterações musculoesqueléticas que ocorrem com o passar do tempo em crianças com Paralisia Cerebral (PC). A cirurgia multinível reduz o número de hospitalizações, contribui para a prevenção de deficiências secundárias e melhora a capacidade de locomoção de crianças com diplegia. OBJETIVO: Documentar as mudanças na mobilidade de uma criança com PC bilateral, do tipo diplégica, após cirurgia multinível de membros inferiores na realidade brasileira. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: A participante foi uma menina de 8 anos, Gross Motor Function Classification System nível III. A mãe assinou o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O Gross Motor Function Measure-66 (GMFM-66) foi realizado um dia antes da cirurgia e um, três, seis e doze meses após a cirurgia. Para completar os registros da evolução da criança, foram obtidas informações adicionais por meio do sistema eletrônico do hospital. RESULTADOS: O escore total do GMFM-66 foi: 49,6 pré-operatório (IC95%: 47,3- 51,9); 42,8 após um mês (IC95%: 40,7-45,0); 49,9 após três meses (IC95%: 47,6-52,1); 52,6 após seis meses (IC95%: 50,2-55,0) e 56,9 após um ano (IC95%: 54,6-59,2), aumentando após seis meses da cirurgia (*p<0,05). A participante apresentou adesão satisfatória à fisioterapia. CONCLUSÃO: Estudo de caso de criança brasileira com PC, usando o sistema único de saúde. O impacto da cirurgia multinível foi predominante na mobilidade, com piora da capacidade logo após a cirurgia e melhora progressiva ao longo dos meses. Os fatores que podem ter contribuído para nossos resultados foram adesão, frequência, fatores contextuais.

INTRODUCTION: Interventions in different joints may be necessary to correct crouch gait and other musculoskeletal changes that occur as time passes for Cerebral Palsy (CP) children. Multilevel surgery reduces the number of hospitalizations, contributes to the prevention of secondary disabilities, and improves the ambulation ability of children with diplegia. OBJECTIVE: Document the changes in mobility outcomes of a bilateral CP child, type diplegia, child after lower limbs multilevel surgery in the Brazilian context. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The participant was an eight-year-old girl, Gross Motor Function Classification System level III. The mother signed the informed consent form. The Gross Motor Function Measure­66 (GMFM-66) was performed one day before surgery and one, three, six, and twelve months after surgery. Additional information was obtained through the electronic system of the hospital to complete the child's evolution records. RESULTS: The GMFM-66 total score was: 49.6 pre-operative (CI95%: 47.3-51.9); 42.8 after one month (CI95%: 40.7-45.0); 49.9 after three months (CI95%: 47.6-52.1); 52.6 after six months (CI95%: 50.2-55.0) and 56.9 after one year (CI95%: 54.6-59.2), increasing after 6 months of surgery (*p<0.05). The participant presented satisfactory adherence to physiotherapy. CONCLUSION: This study describes the case of a Brazilian child with CP using the public health system. The impact of multilevel surgery was predominant in mobility, with worsening of capacity soon after surgery and progressive improvement over the months. Factors that may have contributed to our results were adherence, frequency, contextual factors.

Cirugía del sueño: Definición de una especialidad emergente, propuesta de una clasificación anatomofuncional integral e indicaciones

Resumen Los trastornos respiratorios del sueño (ronquido primario y síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño) han sido tratados mediante múltiples modalidades a lo largo de la historia. Sin embargo, la cirugía de la vía aérea superior siempre ha estado presente, dando cabida a la aparición de múltiples técnicas para este fin. El estudio adecuado de los sitios anatómicos de estrechez o colapso de la vía aérea superior y sus contribuyentes (bajo el concepto de topodiagnóstico) y el mejor entendimiento de los mecanismos de acción de los diferentes procedimientos descritos, ha permitido el nacimiento de una nueva disciplina, dedicada al manejo quirúrgico planificado de este grupo de patologías: la cirugía del sueño.

Abstract Sleep-related breathing disorders (primary snoring and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome) have been treated with multiple modalities throughout history. However, upper airway surgery has always been present, giving appearance of multiple techniques for this purpose. The adequate study of the anatomical sites of upper airway narrowness or collapse and its contributors (under the concept of topodiagnosis) and a better understanding of the different procedures, has allowed the birth of a new discipline, dedicated to a planned surgical management for this group of pathologies: sleep surgery.

Revisión bibliográfica para determinar calidad de vida y satisfacción, de pacientes con encefalopatía crónica no evolutiva sometidos a cirugía multinivel / Literature review to determine quality of life and satisfaction of patients with non-progressive chronic encephalopathy undergoing multilevel surgery / Revisão da literatura para determinar a qualidade de vida e a satisfação de pacientes com encefalopatia crônica não progressiva submetidos à cirurgia multinível

La calidad de vida relacionada a la salud se refiere a la percepción que tienen los sujetos sobre su estado de salud, y las actividades realizadas para mantener o mejorar la salud en su contexto sociocultural. La encefalopatía crónica no evolutiva es una lesión estática no progresiva que constituye la primera causa de disfunción motora en niños. La historia natural de la marcha y la función en esta población es el deterioro con el paso del tiempo. El tratamiento estándar es la cirugía multinivel. Objetivo: determinar los resultados sobre satisfacción, percepción de función y percepción de calidad de vida en niños con encefalopatía crónica no evolutiva luego de realizada la cirugía multinivel. Metodología: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura. Resultados: se seleccionaron 10 artículos de metodologías heterogéneas que cumplen con los criterios de inclusión. Los resultados arrojan una mejora en la percepción de función y calidad de vida. Conclusiones: es necesario ahondar más en la investigación sobre los resultados de la cirugía y en abordajes que incorporen la mirada de los pacientes y sus cuidadores.

Health-related quality of life refers to the perception that subjects have about their state of health, and the activities carried out to maintain or improve health in their sociocultural context. Chronic non-progressive encephalopathy is a non-progressive static lesion that is the leading cause of motor dysfunction in children. The natural history of gait and function in this population is deterioration over time. The standard treatment is multilevel surgery. Objective: to determine the results on satisfaction, perception of function and perception of quality of life in children with non-progressive chronic encephalopathy after multilevel surgery. Methodology: a bibliographic review of the literature was carried out. Results: 10 articles with heterogeneous methodologies that meet the inclusion criteria were selected. The results show an improvement in the perception of function and quality of life. Conclusions: it is necessary to delve deeper into research on the results of surgery and on approaches that incorporate the point of view of patients and their caregivers.

A qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde refere-se à percepção que os sujeitos têm sobre seu estado de saúde e as atividades realizadas para manter ou melhorar a saúde em seu contexto sociocultural. A encefalopatia crônica não progressiva é uma lesão estática não progressiva que é a principal causa de disfunção motora em crianças. A história natural da marcha e da função nesta população é a deterioração ao longo do tempo. O tratamento padrão é a cirurgia multinível. Objetivo: determinar os resultados sobre satisfação, percepção de função e percepção de qualidade de vida em crianças com encefalopatia crônica não progressiva após cirurgia multinível. Metodologia: foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica da literatura. Resultados: foram selecionados 10 artigos com metodologias heterogêneas que atendem aos critérios de inclusão. Os resultados mostram uma melhora na percepção de função e qualidade de vida. Conclusões: é necessário aprofundar as pesquisas sobre os resultados da cirurgia e sobre as abordagens que incorporem o olhar do paciente e de seu cuidador.

Resultado funcional de la cirugía multinivel en pacientes con parálisis cerebral, Instituto Teletón Santiago-Chile / Functional results in single event multilevel surgery in cerebral palsy patients, Teletón Institute Santiago-Chile, 2010-2013

The single event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) is a procedure preferably for patients with cerebral palsy (CP), including several orthopedic surgeries in one surgical time, and involves at least two levels joints of lower extremities, seeking to optimize gait. It is based on biomechanical principles provided by the gait lab (GL). Objective: To evaluate the impact of SEMLS in the gait of patients with CP spastic diplegia, one year after surgery. Patients and Methods: Retrospective study with review of medical records of 61 patients undergoing SEMLS. 23 out of 61 subjects accomplished the inclusion criteria. GL data before and after surgery was summarized in Gait deviation index (GDI), cadence and velocity, as well as functional mobility scale (FMS). Patients were categorized in two groups according to the Gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) as “A” for I-II GMFCS and “B” for III GMFCS. Statistical comparison was performed using Wilcoxon test. Results: The average SEMLS include 6.19 procedures per patient. Overall, significant variations in GDI (p < 0.0001) and cadence (p < 0.007) were found. In the subgroup A, there were significant changes in all GL variables (p < 0.009). In subgroup B, a significant effect was only found for GDI. Although FMS showed improvement, it was not statistically significant for 50 m and 500 m, in both subgroups and the total population (14 patients). Conclusion: Significant improvement was seen in CP spastic diplegic patients, for both cadence and GDI after one year SEMLS, particularly in the subgroup with independent walking...

La cirugía multinivel (CMN), es un procedimiento usado preferentemente en pacientes con parálisis cerebral (PC) que reúne varias cirugías ortopédicas en un tiempo quirúrgico involucrando como mínimo dos niveles articulares de extremidades inferiores, buscando optimizar la marcha. Se basa en principios biomecánicos aportados por el laboratorio de marcha (LM). Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de CMN en la marcha de pacientes con PC tipo diplejía espástica, a un año postcirugía. Pacientes y Método: Estudio de cohorte única, retrospectivo. Se revisaron fichas de 61 pacientes intervenidos con CMN, 23 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se obtuvo datos de LM pre y a un año postoperatorio, resumidos en cadencia del paso, velocidad, Gait Deviation Index (GDI), y Functional Mobility Scale (FMS); los sujetos se dividieron en subgrupos: “A” con Gross Motor Function Clasification System (GMFCS) I-II y “B” con GMFCS III. Se realizó comparación estadística mediante test de Wilcoxon con p < 0,05. Resultados: En promedio se realizaron 6,19 procedimientos quirúrgicos por paciente. En el grupo total se obtuvo variaciones significativas en GDI (p < 0,0001) y cadencia (p < 0,007). En el subgrupo A hay variaciones significativas en todas las variables de marcha (p < 0,009). En subgrupo B hay variaciones significativas sólo en GDI. Para la escala FMS existió mejoría, sin significancia estadística en 50 m y 500 m, en los 14 pacientes examinados y en los subgrupos. Conclusión: Se observa mejoría en la marcha de pacientes PC tipo diplejía espástica, en cadencia y GDI, tras un año post CMN, particularmente en el subgrupo A, con marcha independiente...

Perioperative Complications of Orthopedic Surgery for Lower Extremity in Patients with Cerebral Palsy

Because complications are more common in patients with cerebral palsy (CP), surgeons and anesthesiologists must be aware of perioperative morbidity and be prepared to recognize and treat perioperative complications. This study aimed to determine the incidence of and risk factors for perioperative complications of orthopedic surgery on the lower extremities in patients with CP. We reviewed the medical records of consecutive CP patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Medical history, anesthesia emergence time, intraoperative body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, immediate postoperative complications, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level, Cormack-Lehane classification, and American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification were analyzed. A total of 868 patients was included. Mean age at first surgery was 11.8 (7.6) yr. The incidences of intraoperative hypothermia, absolute hypotension, and absolute bradycardia were 26.2%, 4.4%, and 20.0%, respectively. Twenty (2.3%) patients had major complications, and 35 (4.0%) patients had minor complications postoperatively. The incidences of intraoperative hypothermia, absolute hypotension, and major postoperative complications were significantly higher in patients at GMFCS levels IV and V compared with patients at GMFCS levels I to III (P<0.001). History of pneumonia was associated with intraoperative absolute hypotension and major postoperative complications (P<0.001). These results revealed that GMFCS level, patient age, hip reconstructive surgery, and history of pneumonia are associated with adverse effects on intraoperative body temperature, the cardiovascular system, and immediate postoperative complications.

Early Results of One-Stage Correction for Hip Instability in Cerebral Palsy

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the clinical and radiological results of one-stage correction for cerebral palsy patients. METHODS: We reviewed clinical outcomes and radiologic indices of 32 dysplastic hips in 23 children with cerebral palsy (13 males, 10 females; mean age, 8.6 years). Ten hips had dislocation, while 22 had subluxation. Preoperative Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) scores of the patients were as follows; level V (13 patients), level IV (9), and level III (1). Acetabular deficiency was anterior in 5 hips, superolateral in 7, posterior in 11 and mixed in 9, according to 3 dimensional computed tomography. The combined surgery included open reduction of the femoral head, release of contracted muscles, femoral shortening varus derotation osteotomy and the modified Dega osteotomy. Hip range of motion, GMFCS level, acetabular index, center-edge angle and migration percentage were measured before and after surgery. The mean follow-up period was 28.1 months. RESULTS: Hip abduction (median, 40degrees), sitting comfort and GMFCS level were improved after surgery, and pain was decreased. There were two cases of femoral head avascular necrosis, but no infection, nonunion, resubluxation or redislocation. All radiologic indices showed improvement after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: A single event multilevel surgery including soft tissue, pelvic and femoral side correction is effective in treating spastic dislocation of the hip in cerebral palsy.